Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and a relative deficiency of insulin secretion. Unlike Type 1 diabetes, the pancreas in Type 2 diabetes continues to produce insulin, but the body’s cells do not respond effectively to it. Over time, insulin production may decline, leading to persistent hyperglycemia and metabolic dysfunction.

Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes worldwide and has reached epidemic proportions, particularly in regions with high rates of obesity and sedentary lifestyles. In the UAE and other Gulf countries, rising prevalence is closely linked to dietary habits, physical inactivity, and genetic predisposition. Although it most commonly develops in adults over the age of 40, Type 2 diabetes is increasingly being diagnosed in younger individuals and adolescents.

The condition often develops gradually, and many individuals remain asymptomatic for years. When symptoms occur, they may include increased thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, slow wound healing, recurrent infections, blurred vision, and unexplained weight changes. Because symptoms can be mild or nonspecific, diagnosis is frequently delayed until complications have already begun to develop.

Diagnosis is based on blood glucose measurements, including fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, and oral glucose tolerance testing. Early identification is critical, as timely intervention can significantly reduce the risk of long-term complications.

Management of Type 2 diabetes centers on lifestyle modification and pharmacological therapy. Dietary changes aimed at reducing refined carbohydrates, controlling portion sizes, and improving overall nutritional quality form the foundation of treatment. Regular physical activity enhances insulin sensitivity and supports weight management. Even modest weight loss can lead to significant improvements in glycemic control.

When lifestyle interventions are insufficient, oral antidiabetic medications and injectable therapies are introduced. These medications work through various mechanisms, including improving insulin sensitivity, enhancing insulin secretion, reducing glucose absorption, or promoting glucose excretion through the kidneys. In advanced cases, insulin therapy may be required to maintain adequate glycemic control.

Long-term care focuses on comprehensive risk management rather than glucose control alone. Type 2 diabetes is closely associated with cardiovascular disease, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and obesity. Integrated management targeting blood pressure, lipid levels, and body weight is essential. Regular screening for complications such as diabetic retinopathy, kidney disease, neuropathy, and cardiovascular events is a cornerstone of care.

With appropriate treatment, patient education, and regular follow-up, Type 2 diabetes can be effectively managed. Early intervention not only improves quality of life but also reduces healthcare burden by preventing costly complications and hospitalizations.