Thyroid nodules and goiter are common thyroid conditions characterized by abnormal enlargement or discrete lumps within the thyroid gland. A goiter refers to generalized enlargement of the thyroid, while nodules are localized growths that may be solitary or multiple. Most thyroid nodules are benign, but a small percentage may represent malignancy, making proper evaluation essential.

Thyroid nodules often develop due to iodine deficiency, age-related changes, autoimmune thyroid disease, or abnormal cell growth. Goiter may occur in both hypothyroid and hyperthyroid states, as well as in individuals with normal thyroid function. In many cases, nodules are discovered incidentally during imaging for unrelated conditions.

Symptoms depend on size and functional status. Many nodules are asymptomatic, while larger goiters may cause neck swelling, difficulty swallowing, breathing discomfort, or voice changes due to compression of surrounding structures. Functioning nodules may cause symptoms of hyperthyroidism.

Evaluation includes thyroid function tests, ultrasound imaging, and, when indicated, fine-needle aspiration biopsy to assess malignancy risk. Ultrasound characteristics guide decision-making and follow-up strategies.

Management varies based on nodule size, function, symptoms, and cancer risk. Benign, asymptomatic nodules may be monitored periodically, while symptomatic or suspicious nodules may require surgery or definitive treatment. Early detection and appropriate evaluation ensure optimal outcomes and prevent unnecessary interventions.