Seborrheic dermatitis is a chronic, relapsing inflammatory skin condition that primarily affects areas rich in sebaceous glands, including the scalp, face, ears, and upper trunk. It is characterized by redness, scaling, flaking, and itching, and can range from mild dandruff to more extensive inflammatory involvement. The condition affects individuals across all age groups, from infants to older adults.

The exact cause of seborrheic dermatitis is multifactorial. Contributing factors include abnormal immune response, increased skin oil production, and overgrowth of naturally occurring yeast on the skin. Environmental factors such as cold weather, stress, fatigue, and certain neurological or systemic conditions may worsen symptoms. The condition is not contagious and is unrelated to poor hygiene.

Clinically, seborrheic dermatitis presents as greasy or dry scales on a red base. On the scalp, it commonly appears as dandruff or more severe scaling with itching. Facial involvement often affects the eyebrows, sides of the nose, eyelids, and behind the ears. Symptoms tend to fluctuate, with periods of improvement and flare-ups.

Diagnosis is usually clinical, based on characteristic appearance and distribution. Differentiating seborrheic dermatitis from psoriasis, contact dermatitis, or fungal infections is important, as management strategies differ.

While seborrheic dermatitis cannot be cured, it can be effectively controlled with appropriate skin care and long-term management strategies. Education regarding the chronic nature of the condition and consistent maintenance care is essential. With proper dermatological guidance, symptoms can be minimized and quality of life significantly improved.