Fever is a common emergency presentation characterized by an elevated body temperature resulting from infection, inflammation, or other systemic processes. While fever itself is a physiological response to illness, it may signal serious underlying conditions requiring prompt evaluation, particularly in vulnerable populations such as infants, elderly individuals, and immunocompromised patients.

Patients may present with elevated temperature, chills, sweating, headache, fatigue, muscle aches, or dehydration. Associated symptoms such as cough, abdominal pain, urinary discomfort, rash, or confusion help guide diagnosis. In some cases, fever may be the only early indicator of a severe infection.

Emergency assessment begins with evaluation of vital signs, hydration status, and overall stability. Particular attention is given to heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure, as abnormalities may indicate systemic infection or sepsis. In infants and elderly patients, subtle symptoms may require thorough investigation.

Diagnostic testing is guided by clinical findings and may include blood tests, urine analysis, chest imaging, or other targeted investigations. The goal is to identify the source of fever and determine whether immediate intervention is required.

Treatment focuses on addressing the underlying cause. Antipyretic medications may be administered for comfort and to reduce metabolic strain. When bacterial infection is suspected, antimicrobial therapy may be initiated. Supportive care including hydration and monitoring ensures stability.

High-risk patients may require admission for observation. Warning signs such as altered mental status, persistent vomiting, severe headache, neck stiffness, or difficulty breathing prompt urgent intervention.

While many fevers are self-limiting, emergency evaluation ensures early identification of serious infections. Structured assessment minimizes complications and provides safe, evidence-based care.