Diabetic emergencies include diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS), and severe hypoglycemia. These conditions represent acute metabolic imbalances that can rapidly become life-threatening if untreated. Prompt emergency assessment and correction of glucose abnormalities are essential to prevent complications such as coma or organ failure.

Diabetic ketoacidosis occurs primarily in individuals with insulin deficiency and is characterized by high blood sugar, dehydration, and accumulation of acidic ketones in the blood. Symptoms include excessive thirst, frequent urination, nausea, abdominal pain, rapid breathing, confusion, and fruity-smelling breath. Severe cases may lead to altered consciousness.

Severe hypoglycemia involves dangerously low blood sugar levels and may cause sweating, shaking, confusion, seizures, or loss of consciousness. It may result from missed meals, excess insulin, medication errors, or increased physical activity.

Emergency evaluation begins with rapid measurement of blood glucose levels. Airway protection is prioritized in patients with altered consciousness. Intravenous access allows immediate correction of glucose imbalance and fluid deficits. Electrolyte levels are monitored carefully because imbalances can affect heart rhythm and organ function.

Management of DKA involves controlled fluid replacement, insulin therapy, and careful monitoring of electrolytes. Severe hypoglycemia is treated promptly with glucose administration. Continuous monitoring ensures gradual stabilization and prevention of complications.

Early emergency management significantly reduces mortality associated with diabetic crises. Structured metabolic protocols emphasize careful correction, close monitoring, and multidisciplinary coordination.